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The Promise of a Better Life

A History of the Reduction of Toil

Separation of Leisure From Work

Specialization

Emphasis on Exact Calculation

Emphasis on Proof

Priority on Efficiency

Charity/Welfare

Individualization

Concluding Thoughts

WHERE HAS ALL THE LEISURE GONE?

The Industrialization of Lifestyle©

Copyright 1997 © Richard R. Danielson and Karen F. Danielson

Foreward

This book was originally conceived in the mid 1980's and written throughout the latter part of the 1980's and the early part of the 1990's. In other words, it has taken a long time to write! The version presented in this website is the most recent one, but should still be considered a work in progress.

Our thoughts on this issue have been in formation since our undergraduate days in the early 1960's, at which time we were taught that by the turn of the century Canadians would be living a life of leisure. This has obviously not happened. Rather the opposite has happened: most people who work are working harder than ever before, and those who do not have paid work (i.e. a job), would give anything to have one. Leisure is something which we all desire, yet we are having less and less success in achieving it.

In addition to the historical issues, the cultural issues of having spent a total of five years in Japan since 1969, have made differences in what we have seen as being a "good" way of life. Basically, we have come to question the direction toward which industrialized nations are moving in the field of lifestyle. Our book is an attempt to understand what is happening, why it has come to be the way it is and how things might be made better.

The book is organized in ten chapters and resides in ten different files. Using either the table above (which points to chapter headings), or the links below which point to sections within each chapter) the reader can go directly to anywhere in the book:

1. CHAPTER 1 - THE PROMISE OF A BETTER LIFE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Basis for the Promise
1.2.1 The Puritan Tradition
1.2.2 The Traditions of Science and Philosophy
1.2.3 The Japanese Tradition
1.2.4 Common Themes and Unique Strategies
1.3 Evidence of Industrial Success
1.3.1 More Efficient Devices
1.3.2 Reduced Work Schedules
1.3.3 Greater Affluence
1.3.4 Improved Quality of Life
1.4 Growing Evidence of a Problem
1.4.1 Early Warnings about the Changes in People's Priorities
1.4.2 The Accommodation of Everyday Life
1.4.3 Stresses on Leisure and Lifestyle
1.4.4 The Problems of Living
1.4.5 Limits to the Benefits of Increased Productivity
1.4.6 Limits to the Capacity for Increased Effort
1.4.7 Limits to Financial Resources
1.4.8 Personal Responsibility
1.4.9 Limits to the "Post-Industrial" Strategy
1.5 Where to From Here?
1.6 Key Factors
References
2. CHAPTER 2 - A HISTORY OF THE REDUCTION OF TOIL
2.1 Toil, Leisure and Idleness
2.1.1 The Ancient Greeks
2.1.2 The Classical Romans
2.1.3 The Christians
2.1.4 Mediaeval Civilization
2.1.5 The Renaissance
2.2 The Problem of Sedentary Living
2.3 The Exercise Solution
2.4 The Natural Motive to be Active
2.5 Prospects
References
3. CHAPTER 3 - SEPARATION OF LEISURE FROM WORK
3.1 Leisure, Toil or Idleness Again
3.2 The Dream of Improving the World
3.3 Why the Rush?
3.4 Point 1 - Work as the Source of Meaning in Life
3.5 Point 2 - Miscalculation of Leisure Time
3.6 Point 3 - The Confusion of Leisure, and Idleness
3.6.1 The Problem of Useless Leisure
3.6.2 The Problem of Leisure at Work
3.7 Point 4 - Benefits of Work are Consumed in Increasing Amounts
3.7.1 The Emphasis on Consumption
3.7.2 The Decline of Painstaking Effort
3.8 Point 5 - Value by Measure of Money
3.9 Point 6 - Failure to Take Responsibility
3.9.1 Utopian Ideals
3.9.2 The Realities of Everyday Life
3.10 Point 7 - The Stress of Living in a State of Toil
3.10.1 The Origins of Industrial Toil
3.10.2 Early Doubts about the Industrial Strategy
3.10.3 Continuation of the Industrial Strategy in the 20th Century
3.10.4 The Nature of Modern Toil
3.10.5 Alternatives to Toil
3.11 Point 8 - Leisure is Useless
3.11.1 Leisure Converted to Industry
3.11.2 Work Becomes More Meaningful
3.11.3 Potential of the Information Age
3.11.4 Effects of the Dominance of Work
3.11.5 Re-evaluating the Work-Based Society
3.12 Concluding Thoughts
References
4. CHAPTER 4 - SPECIALIZATION
4.1 Limits of Specialization
4.1.1 Reduced Skill and Independence
4.1.2 Neglect of Peripheral Issues
4.1.3 Limits on Information and Power
4.1.4 Distortions of Information
4.1.5 Impersonalization
4.2 Solving the Problems Associated with Specialization
4.2.1 Consideration of Unique Needs
4.2.2 Personal Responsibility
4.2.3 Patterns of Social Interdependence
References
5. CHAPTER 5 - EMPHASIS ON EXACT CALCULATION
5.1 Calculation, Technology and Everyday Life
5.2 The Treatment of People as Unconnected Individuals
5.3 The Instrumental View of Life Dominates
5.4 Materialism and the Absence of Options
5.5 The Case of Environmental Protection
5.6 Emphasis on the Product vs. the Process
5.7 Wealth is the Dominant Issue
References
6. CHAPTER 6 - EMPHASIS ON PROOF
6.1 The Justification
6.2 Truth and Fantasy
6.3 The Decline of Private Thought
6.4 The Focus on Productive Proof
6.5 The Necessity for Proof of Illness
6.6 Universal Rules
6.6.1 Elaboration of the System - Making Rules
6.6.2 Development of Security - Monitoring and Control
6.6.3 Increasing Speed - Winning
6.6.3.1 The Knowledge Issue
References
7. CHAPTER 7 - PRIORITY ON EFFICIENCY
7.1 Efficiency at the Workplace
7.2 Efficiency of the Home and Family
7.2.1 Marriage Breakdown
7.2.2 The Industrial Era Policies on Family Efficiency
7.2.2.1 The Nature of Family Stress
7.2.2.2 Sources of Family Weakness
7.2.2.3 Time for Children
7.2.2.4 Educational Attainment
References
8. CHAPTER 8 - CHARITY/WELFARE
8.1 The Development of Programs to Improve Industrial Systems
8.2 The Workplace as the Best Site for Delivering Care
8.3 The Advantages of Public Welfare
8.4 The Limitations of Public Systems of Care
8.5 The Nature of Interdependence
8.6 The Functions of Family and Community
8.7 The Dominance of the Workplace
8.8 Supporting Useful Activities in the Leisure Environment
References
9. CHAPTER 9 - INDIVIDUALIZATION
9.1 Individualization for Industrialization
9.2 Individualization through Dependency on the State
9.3 Prospects for Individualization
9.3.1 The Price of Individualization
9.3.2 Individualization within an Information Economy
9.3.3 Unemployment and Quality of Life
9.4 Alternative Sources of Individualization
9.4.1 Interdependence and Freedom
9.4.2 The Nature of Interdependence
9.5 Individualization and Leisure
References
10. CHAPTER 10 - CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
10.1 Defining the Limits of Workplace Activity
10.2 Necessary Conditions for Useful Leisure
10.3 Direct Personal Dependency
10.4 Physical Security
10.5 Material Possessions
10.6 Options for Developing Useful Leisure
10.6.1 Strengthening Families
10.6.2 Strengthening Communities
10.6.3 Strengthening Economies
10.7 Conclusions
References

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Last revised: August 23, 2000.

copyright © 1997 by R.R. Danielson

Comments? Send email to: rdaniels@nickel.laurentian.ca

 

Copyright © 1996-2002: Richard R. Danielson. All rights reserved